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Ronnie Dixon is a Western Shoshone from the Battle Mountain Band, born and delivered by his grandmother on the Battle Mountain Colony, and was raised in Battle Mountain. He was also raised by his grandmother and grandfather. He tells us about the history of his grandparents, and how he went to school with his sisters and friends. Ronnie then goes on to tell about his times drinking, being a cowboy with his father, and how he was drafted into the Army during Vietnam. He tells us about his time in the Military. And then goes on to tell of his job in Owyhee as a Substance Abuse counselor, and his philosophy around spirituality and drinking.
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Part of the Intertwined series of articles celebrating Basque and American Encounters in conjunction with the Smithsonian's 2016 Folklife Festival.
]]>The story of Florentino Goicoechea (Basque: Florentino Goikoextea), a Basque resident and occassional smuggler living in the Pyrenees between France and Spain who operated the Réseau Comète or "Comet Line", an escape route for downed Allied airman shot down over Europe during World War II. Florentino Goicoechea would assist airmen in hiding in occupied France and smuggle them across the border to neutral Spain for return to the Allies.
Part of the Intertwined series of articles celebrating Basque and American Encounters in conjunction with the Smithsonian's 2016 Folklife Festival.
(Originally published in the Elko Daily Free Press, 5 March 2016)
Florentino Goicoechea (Basque: Florentino Goikoextea) lived in a 24-mile stretch of land between Hernani, Gipuzkoa, Spain, and Ciboure, France. He grew up in a small farm house without electricity or plumbing, hunted antelope and big-horned sheep in the hills south of San Sebastían, and fished the Bidassoa River that traced the Spanish-French border. He knew the Pyrenees that ran like a zipper from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean with more than 50 alternating teeth peaking above 10,000 feet. He knew the sounds of night and day and the animals that growled, chirped, snarled, or hissed in the dense foliage and jagged rock along the high mountain passes. He had no formal schooling, only the knowledge afforded by these 24-miles, but it was this familiarity most of all that came to serve America and the Allies during World War II.
Florentino began to apply his knowledge and skill as a smuggler against Franco during Spain's Civil War in 1936. Wearing a black beret not a helmet and carrying a walking stick or fishing pole not a gun, he crisscrossed the border to deliver secrets between commanders in the field and Basque exiles in France. If Franco's soldiers, the Guardia Civil, spotted him, he smiled and passed as a harmless peasant in search of a meal; the soldiers would nod and go back to their patrol.
Despite his skullduggery, the Republic fell to Franco's forces by 1939. Wary of going home, he settled in Ciboure, where he happily took up a quiet solitary life of hunting, fishing, and hiking on the French side of the Pyrenees.
Months later, his calm was shattered as it was for all Europeans when Germany's invasion of Poland sparked World War II. The effects of war did not reach him for six months, and then only as reports in newspapers filled with shocking details of massacre and tragedy. Later, when food shortages forced rationing of eggs, cheese, potatoes, and wine, he smuggled supplies for himself and neighbors.As a Basque man from Spain, a neutral country during the war, he was never called into military service. Still he felt he had to fight. His few words on the matter suggest that opposing Germany would vindicate the earlier loss to Franco, though no one may ever know his true motivation.
After France surrendered to Germany, Florentino found his calling. He learned of a kind of underground railroad called Réseau Comète
– the Comet Line – that held as its motto, "Fighting Without Arms." It smuggled downed Allied pilots safely from Brussels to Paris, but once Germany occupied France, it had to escort a pilot beyond Paris, across the Pyrenees, into neutral Spain to get him home.The first guide for this dangerous journey had been caught and arrested. Who, then, would fill the vacancy? Who would escort these American, British, Canadian, and Australian pilots over the treacherous Pyrenees and deliver them safely home? Who would dare defy these Nazis and the Guardia Civil?
Only one man had the knowledge, skill, and cunning to pick up the cause – Florentino Goicoechea.
Every day Florentino walked across a bridge that connected his new home of Ciboure with St. Jean de Luz, and then drank wine or ate a meal at the Euskalduna Hotel. A mother-daughter pair worked there whom he had known since the Spanish Civil War. He marveled still at their sneaky talents. They hovered near tables to watch, hear, absorb, and convey secrets while serving drinks or clearing dishes. As much as Florentino was master of the Pyrenees, these two were masters of subterfuge which turned the Euskalduna into a kind of central nervous system for the French resistance in the south.
Florentino did not know when the pair talked with operatives of Comet, or when a downed pilot might require escort. In truth, he knew little of a pilot's difficult journey up to the point he met him.
A pilot typically traveled by train or bus from Paris to Bayonne and then pedaled a bicycle sixteen miles to the St. Jean de Luz railroad station. He waited inside a bathroom stall until nightfall and then slipped out a side-door that opened to an alley. Concealed by the shadows for about 500 feet, he entered Euskalduna where the mother and daughter whisked him to a room or another safehouse.
The next day while drinking his wine or sipping his soup, Florentino would hear a whisper, "Expect a package."
He watched the Ciboure Bridge at midnight for the unmistakable signs of a foreigner, usually a nervous man all alone or two men anxiously whispering and white-knuckling the rail of the bridge. With the stealth of a cat, Florentino sneaked up and quickly drew the one or the pair off the bridge into the shadows.
With the spryness of a younger man, he led them along the N10 road and then uphill into the tall grasses and thick pine and spruce around Ciboure. "It was everything I could do to keep up," said one flier from Ohio. For nearly three miles, the pace never slowed until they arrived at one of three safehouses in Urrugne - Tomásénéa, Bidegain Berri, or Yatxu Baita. Florentino knew the farmhouse owners. A wife of a French POW ran the first, a widow the second, and a single father with twelve children the third. Each risked all they had to help him. He alternated his visits to reduce suspicion on any one.
Already exhausted, fliers received warm milk at the farmhouse. Then each was outfitted as a Basque peasant with chord-roped espadrilles, blue workman's clothes, and a black beret. He also received a Benzedrine pill to boost his energy. As soon as the milk bowls were licked clean, Florentino handed each flier a walking stick, and then he squinted and thrust his chin, for he was a man of few words, and they returned to the night.
In complete darkness, they climbed Mont du Calvaire. It was not high, but steep, burning thighs and calves with each step. At the peak, they collapsed, but Florentino pushed them beyond their limits, up a steeper mountain that the Basque call Xoldokogaina. They climbed for more than two hours, sometimes on all fours over sharp rock, through pines and across shallow brooks, falling into holes, stumbling over branches, scraping arms and legs. A foot or two ahead were Florentino's heels and if a flier lost sight of them and panicked, a sudden strong hand pulled him up and forward moving him on.
"There was a kind of peace at the top," said one Ohio flier surveying the landscape from 5,200 feet. In the calm of this blackest night, they could hear the Bidassoa River in the distance and see the hazy glow of Fuentarabia, Irún and San Sebastían.
Yet between this high tranquility and the lights of freedom were German patrols and Franco's Guardia Civil.
Florentino crouched with the pilots on Xoldokogaina to catch his breath and rest his legs and wipe sweat from his cheeks. They waited for the guards to change shifts at about 3 a.m. which opened gaps in the security. Then they descended as quickly as they could, sometimes in a slide, to the footpaths of Col des Poiriers.
Here was the most dangerous point in the journey. The terrain afforded little passable ground besides the trails, so they had to jog in the open, breathing heavily, risking exposure and capture. "I was scared as hell," said a flier from Washington.
The exposure lasted only a few moments until they dipped into the winding Lantzetta Erreka creekbed that ended at San Miguel near the river separating France and Spain.
The Bidassoa River was unpredictable. In winter, it froze over for easy crossing, or froze enough that a man could hop from floe to floe. In summer, it rose in places to the knees. But in spring, it often swelled its banks, forcing Florentino and the fliers to strip and swim with clothes in a plastic bag or held over their heads as the water lapped their armpits. If they heard barking, they had to swim fully clothed.
Up the opposite bank they scrambled on to Spanish soil. By 5 a.m. a crisp dawn had cracked the horizon behind them. Lying on their bellies in the tall grasses, they listened for the Guardia Civil that had barracks only 1,200 feet downstream. Florentino expected the soldiers to be sleeping, not patrolling, and sure enough several fliers reported hearing snoring nearby.
They crept past the slumbering guards over a railroad and across the Irún-Pamplona road. It was a "steep and exhausting climb to Erlaitz," wrote one flier. Every step was taken in stealth, yet every kicked pebble or snapped limb sounded like a pistol shot.
The terrain eased after Erlaitz and so, too, their anxiety. Florentino led them along old mining tracks to the Sarobe Farm, and for the first time in hours, they felt cautiously safe. The farmer served eggs and cheese, wine and bread. The fliers untied their espadrilles to air their bruised and blistered feet and soak them in salt water.
After resting an hour and pulling on new socks and shoes, they walked two hours over meadow and quiet pasture and well-kept roads.
In Renteria, Florentino bought tickets for the tram and he and the fliers boarded like ordinary commuters. None of the riders that morning knew how treacherous the last 10 hours had been for these dirty-faced, haggard strangers.
In twenty minutes, the tram stopped in Hernani, Florentino's birthplace, where he took the fliers to a safehouse owned by an old friend of the family. Then he bid them goodbye.
He never knew their names, nor they his. His daring acts were carried out anonymously – to know a name presented undue risk. He continued escorting fliers across his 24-mile stretch of land until D-Day and the liberation of France in August 1944. He never lost a pilot nor was any pilot captured under his care.
From the Hernani safehouse, the fliers traveled easily to San Sebastían and then to the British Consulate in Bilbao. Under Allied protection, the men made their way to Gibraltar in the south for passage home.
The Comet Line saved over 700 American, British, Canadian, and Australian pilots. Of those, Florentino Goicoechea had a hand in leading 207 over the Pyrenees to safety. While some hung up their wings to enjoy the comforts of home, others returned to the fight. Even though they did not know his name, the fliers wrote thank you notes, never forgetting the kind and quiet man who guided them over the mountains.
After the war, Florentino remained a wanted man by Franco's Guardia Civil, so his deeds went unrecognized for most of his life. Yet when Franco died in November 1975, Florentino emerged from the shadows of Ciboure to receive widespread recognition in both France and Spain. He was also honored in England at Buckingham Palace, where he received the George Cross for gallantry and bravery. During the ceremony, he was asked, "What is it that you actually do?" In broken English, he replied, "I am in the import-export business."
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Vince J. Juaristi was born and raised in Elko, NV. He is CEO and President of ARBOLA, a technology company, in Alexandria, VA. His newest book, Basque Firsts: People Who Changed the World, will be released this year by the University of Nevada Press.
Please donate to help the young people of the Great Basin Basque Program attend the Smithsonian event this summer. All donations are tax deductible and you will receive a receipt. Go to:
http://www.campusce.net/gbcnv/course/course.aspx?c=246
If you would like to help the young people of the Great Basin Basque Program in other ways, contact Angie deBraga at Great Basin College. angie.debraga@gbcnv.edu.
Topics he discusses include: the Montello Bar, & Montello Store (both which he owned), Pacific West States & Spring Creek subdivision projects (for which he contracted the road construction); the Gamble & Winecup Ranches (hay, fencing & livestock contractor); the SP Railroad and Montello history, UC Construction, the Montello Citizens' Committee and "buying" the town from SP; the Montello School (which burned down, rebuilt), people from Montello and the W.C. Kimber Diaries (1907-1972).
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Interview conducted on 15 October 2015 by Dr. Gretchen Skivington.
]]>Bryce Kimber of Montello, NV ("Mr. Montello") is the son of Grouse Creek, UT homesteaders, W. C. "Bill" and Bertha Kimber. Born on the Kimber Ranch in 1929 he moved with his family to Montello, NV to attend school in 1939. He has lived in Montello all his life 1929 to present and was a most integral part of its history since he returned from service in Korea in 1948.
Topics he discusses include: the Montello Bar, & Montello Store (both which he owned), Pacific West States & Spring Creek subdivision projects (for which he contracted the road construction); the Gamble & Winecup Ranches (hay, fencing & livestock contractor); the SP Railroad and Montello history, UC Construction, the Montello Citizens' Committee and "buying" the town from SP; the Montello School (which burned down, rebuilt), people from Montello and the W.C. Kimber Diaries (1907-1972).
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Interview conducted on 15 October 2015 by Dr. Gretchen Skivington.
Howard Hickson's Histories
Key words: Grouse Creek, Charles & William Kimber, Kimber Ranch, Grouse Creek LDS Church, sheep & hog raising, Kay/Merrill/Bryce Kimber, Montello Bar, Gamble & Winecup Ranches, Pacific West States Subdivision: road contracting, hay & fencing contracts, Slim Olsen's & Standard Oil bulk plants, Spring Creek road contracts, Montello Store, Southern Pacific Railroad leases, town of Montello, Montello Citizens' Committee, water rights, Montello School, W.C. "Bill" Kimber Diaries
Names of People mentioned in/fom Montello: William & Bertha Kimber, Barbara/Kay/Jack/Bryce/Merrill Kimber: Pete Ludwig, Norma Johnson, John Grandeen, Lucy Daz, Wallace Bettridge, Bill Hargrove, Pearsons, Allan Wilson, Bill Brooks, MW Johnson, Milo Craig, Ray Browning, Tolefson, Delaplian, Lee, John Ala, Mcfarlane & Holling, Gil Hernandez, Jim Thomas, Bill Addington, Jimmy Steward, Russell Wilkins, Joyce Palmer, Mary Jo Johns
Interviewed by Norm Cavanaugh
]]>Lester Shaw Jr. was born in Boise, ID and was son to Lester Shaw and Lillian Thomas Shaw. Lester currently resides on the Duck Valley Reservation where he attended school until 1961 and became president of the FFA and participated in various sports. During this period he helped out at his dad’s mom’s ranch pushing cattle, branding horses, and putting-up hay. After he finished High School he worked at Spanish Ranch to save up to attend Haskell Institute in Kansas until he was drafted into the military in 1964. While serving in the military he was sent to Germany and Vietnam during the war, at which time he received the Bronze star and was inducted into the Military Order of the Purple Heart. He also spent much of his life learning masonry which he taught to the youth which he advises to keep up their traditions and Native language.
Interviewed by Norm Cavanaugh
Interviewed by Norm Cavanaugh
]]>Floyd Collins was born in Ely, NV on August 27, 1937. His dad was Abe Collins Sr. and his mom was Dellis Maul. Floyd speaks about living all around Nevada but mostly in Ely, and how he worked different occupations such as BLM, Kennecott mine, and West Tran to name a few. He also recants about the hunting him and his family take part in, as well as keeping up with traditional crafts such as creating drums and tanning hides. Floyd joined the U.S. Marine Corp in 1955 which he stayed with for 8 years. He retired at age 75 but still assist the tribe as needed. He also speaks about his time playing basketball and softball with the Ely Indian Colony. He concludes his oral history by suggesting to the younger viewers that they should keep in school and attend college.
Interviewed by Norm Cavanaugh
Dan Blossom (Cho Cho Kunn) was born in Battle Mountain (Dona Muzza), Nevada in 1924. His mother was Miley Jackson-Cavanaugh. He is part of the Jackson Clan. Dan Blossom describes how he grew up on the outskirts of Battle Mountain. He describes how he would hunt for food such as gomba (type of desert ground squirrel), and eat other foods such as deer, duck, etc. He describes how his grandmother Aggie Jackson and his family lived while he was growing up in Battle Mountain. Dan also tells us of his school experience, and how he was not allowed to speak Shoshone. He later describes his life while he was in the Army during the Korean War. He later tells us a traditional Shoshone Tale: Coyote and Wolf.
Interviewed by Norm Cavanaugh
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Oral History Interview with Dan Blossom, Western Shoshone from Battle Mountain, NV on 03/27/2012
This oral history contains significant Shoshone language conversation, and is recommended for usage by community language teachers.
Dan Blossom (Cho Cho Kunn) was born in Battle Mountain (Dona Muzza), Nevada in 1924. His mother was Miley Jackson-Cavanaugh. He is part of the Jackson Clan. Dan Blossom describes how he grew up on the outskirts of Battle Mountain. He describes how he would hunt for food such as gomba (type of desert ground squirrel), and eat other foods such as deer, duck, etc. He describes how his grandmother Aggie Jackson and his family lived while he was growing up in Battle Mountain. Dan also tells us of his school experience, and how he was not allowed to speak Shoshone. He later describes his life while he was in the Army during the Korean War. He later tells us a traditional Shoshone Tale: Coyote and Wolf.
Interviewed by Norm Cavanaugh
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Raymond Yowell is a Shoshone who was born in Elko, Nevada on September 23, 1929. He spoke of his birth and the eventual adoption by his relative Frank and Annie Charley from Smoky Valley. Raymond also spoke of traditional medicines, traditional practices and the Indian doctors who conducted the events and used these items. He also speaks of his travels as a child moving back into the Lee, NV area, and going to school there. He also tells us of the traditional hunting practices of the Shoshone as well as the types of animals that were hunted during certain seasons of the year. Raymond also entered the Air Force during the Korean War which he comments upon. Lastly, he tells us some traditional Shoshone history as told to him by one of the Shoshone Elders.
Video pendingAnthony Tom Oral History Video pending
Read Anthony Lee Tom Oral History Transcript [pdf file]
Anthony Tom is a member of the Te-Moak Western Shoshone and a veteran from the Air Force who lives at the South Fork Reservation, which he and others referred to as Lee, NV. He speaks about the South Fork community’s virtues, as well as, his experience growing up there and ranching. Anthony also talks about how and what he would hunt with his Grandpa John. He goes on to tell of his time at the Phoenix Indian School, and how it changed his life, an in fact led him to attend the California College of Arts and Crafts. He also informs his audience of the Indian Relocation Program, and the resulting aftermath. He also speaks about his time in Tribal administration, his time as an artist, and how he owned Picture This in Elko, NV. He ends his presentation by telling us about his time playing hand-games.
Anthony Tom Oral History Video pending
Read Anthony Lee Tom Oral History Transcript [pdf file]
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Transcript pending
In Janey Blackeye-Bryan and Shasta Blackeye-Adair’s second presentation to the Shoshone Community Language Initiative (SCLI) program at Great Basin College they continue to talk about their history and the traditions of the Western Shoshone. They begin by singing a Shoshone Honor song that was created by their father/grandfather Willie Blackeye from Duckwater reservation, NV. Then they move onto express the importance of the language program and moreover how important it is to stay in school and stay strong like our ancestors use to.
Presented at the 2017 Shoshone Community Language Initiative summer youth program (SCLI 17).
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Transcript pending